However, the date of retrieval is often important. On June 15, 1921, almost precisely one year after moving to France for her aviation studies, Coleman became the first Black woman and first Native American to earn an international aviation license. Prime Video Subscriptions: The Ultimate Way to Watch TV, Key Tips for Making the Most of Amazon Prime Video Subscriptions, The Beginners Guide to Finding Fashionable Athleta Gear, Choosing the Best Athleta Clothing for Your Workouts, The Secret to Getting the Best Deal on Expedia Hotels, Workout Wear: Buying New Balance Shoes for Women, Shopping Tips: Finding New Balance Shoes for Women, Top Reasons to Upgrade to Hoka Hiking Shoes for Men, Smart Tips for Choosing the Best Hoka Walking Shoes for Men. In 1909 Abbott launched a campaign against vice in black neighborhoods. About 10 minutes into her flight in a newly purchased Jenny that had been poorly maintained before she claimed it, Coleman was thrown from her plane. A classmate said that Abbotts dark skin influenced the choice since school officials preferred to send dark students on fund-raising missions. The incident occurred nine months prior to Parks famed refusal. (1945; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). There are also streets in Chicago, Tampa and Frankfurt, Germany, named for the daring aviatrix who helped to change the world. He promptly fired managing editor Phil Jones, and replaced him with Nathan K. Magill, his sister-in-laws husband. Abbott encouraged her to study abroad where she might more freely earn her license. He wanted to push for job opportunities and social justice, and was eager to persuade Black people to leave the segregated, Jim Crow South for Chicago. She was accepted as a surgical intern at Yale-New Haven Hospital in 1975. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! Their son, John, was born the next year. disenfranchised most Black people and many poor whites, Robert Abbott Founds the Chicago Defender, DuSable Museum of African American History, "Abbott, Robert S. John H. Sengstacke Family Papers", "Robert Sengstacke Abbott-The Chicago Defender", Mark Perry, "Robert S. Abbott and the Chicago Defender: A Door to the Masses", "Celebrated African-American parade of pride boasts Baha'i connections", Richard W. Thomas, Ph.D. "A Long and Thorny Path: Race Relations in the American Bah Community" (Chapter), "Robert S. Abbott, 69, A Chicago Publisher. Davis, Pablo. Hostile to Flora for her inferior extraction, the Abbott clan sued for custody of the infant. In addition, Abbott wrote about how awful a place the South was to live in comparison to the idealistic North. The show dubbed Coleman the worlds greatest woman aviator. Abbott practiced law for a few years but soon gave up the profession, for reasons that are unclear, and began a career in journalism. Abbott's words described the North as a place of prosperity and justice. Jesse Owens may be the athlete that comes to mind while thinking about the Olympics, but Alice Coachman is an important name to remember. After attending Kent Law School in Chicago, he was told repeatedly that he was too dark to practice law in America which inspired him to go into journalism. Abbott went to Yale for two years, then attended the University of Colorado for another two, but never graduated. Born on December 24, 1870 to formerly enslaved parents in St. Simons, Georgia, Robert Sengstacke Abbott attended Hampton Institute in Virginia and then [citation needed]. He attended Claflin University in Orangeburg, South Carolina, and later studied printing at Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Virginia. Under Abbotts supervision, Smiley oversaw a radical overhaul of the papers format, which now included sensational banner headlines, often printed in red. But when the war ended and the Hellfighters returned home, they faced racism and segregation from the country they bravely defended. He was probably associated with his stepfathers preparations to put out a local paper, the Woodville Times, which began publication in November of 1889, the same month the 21-year-old Abbott entered Hampton Institute to learn the trade of printing. Courtesy of Georgia Historical Society, Historical Marker Program. But, with the aid of First LadyEleanor Rooseveltand PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt, Anderson performed a critically acclaimed concert onApril 9, 1939, on theLincoln Memorialsteps. McNair's first spaceflight was the STS-41B mission, aboard the "Challenger" shuttle. Abbotts mother was born with slave status in Savannah in 1847 to Portuguese west African parents. Due to more financial mishandling, Abbott fired Magill and took over running the paper himself. Defender Grew In 1915 Abbott broke new ground for black newspapers by putting out an eight-column, eight-page, full-size paper. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. Robert Sengstacke Abbott: Publisher of "The Chicago Defender" "I knew at that point I had to have a camera.". Throughout her career as an aviator, Coleman was known for her flamboyant style, obstinate nature and daring attitude. In rebuilding his staff, Abbott rehired a number of people Magill had released. from Chicago's Kent College of Law in 1898. This website uses cookies to help deliver and improve our services and provide you with a much richer experience during your visit. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. His German cousinsoffspring of his fathers sisterand the white descendants of the Stevens family profited from his affections. Abbott himself was becoming an establishment figure. We hope you and your family enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. The Defender both reported on and encouraged the "Great Migration," the massive movement of Black Americans from the U.S. south to cities in the North. In 1919, Illinois Governor Frank Lowden appointed Abbott to the Chicago Commission on Race Relations. Through these contacts, she was offered a big role in the movie Shadow and Sunshine. Thomas Abbott, a man of unmixed African heritage, had been the butler on the Charles Stevens plantation. St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City, rev. By 1908 Abbott reduced his overhead by taking the printing to a larger, white publishing house. Colvin was arrested for her refusal. Coleman fully healed from her wounds and she returned to flying. John Hermann Henry Sengstacke (18481904) came to Floras aid by hiring a white lawyer, who secured a restraining order. Her aerial shows became extremely popular throughout the country and ultimately led to many other achievements. The diary of his stepfather, John H. H. Sengstacke, is in the possession of the Savannah Historical Society. New York: Norton, 1982, p. 1. WebRobert Sengstacke Abbott (November 24, 1870 February 29, 1940) was an African-American lawyer and newspaper publisher and editor. Education: graduated from Hampton Institute, 1893, 1896; Kent College of Law, law degree, 1899. She couldnt finish school, attend church or even do her household chores steadily throughout an entire year thanks to this hard life. She completed one term before her money ran out and she was forced to leave school. On a moonlit night in the spring of 1862 during the Civil War, Smalls, an enslaved Black man, and a crew of fellow enslaved people, stole one of the Confederacys most crucial gunships from its wharf in the South Carolina port of Charleston. . Encyclopedia.com. Coleman soon realized that despite becoming the first Black female pilot, she would have to do more to succeed in such a competitive industry. At the age of six, Coleman began attending school in Waxahachie, Texas. A man called Robert Abbott told Bessie that she should go to a flying school in France. Bessie Coleman boldly flew in the face of societys restraints and repeatedly did things that women and people of color simply did not do. Each of her firsts, such as this, landed her squarely in the civil rights history hall of fame.. Helped by a massive migration to the North inspired by his own newspaper, he made a fortune. ", the unit lost 1,500 men, and only received 900 replacements, told her that women in France were superior because they could fly, in a personal essay for the University of Michigan, chief of neurosurgery at the Childrens Hospital of Michigan, Meet 28 black Americans under age 28 who are changing the game. At the end of his life he was almost permanently confined to bed. She wasnt earning enough as a manicurist, so she took a second job at a chili parlor. But her final show took place in Jacksonville, Florida, on April 30, 1926. This intricately coordinated escape astonished the world. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to Georgia Historical Society. Most were from rural areas of the South. "[16] Abbott also published a short-lived periodical called Abbott's Monthly, whose contributor included Chester Himes and Richard Wright. Henrietta Lee almost certainly saved the Defender from closing and helped it to become a major force in the black community. The Defender actively promoted the northward migration of Black Southerners, particularly to Chicago; its columns not only reported on, but encouraged the Great Migration. Abbott could not even give himself a salary. A key part of his distribution network was made up of African-American railroad porters, who were highly respected among Black people, and by 1925 they organized a union as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. It was going to be financed by the African American Seminole Film Producing Company. Edward H. Morris, a prominent, fair-skinned black lawyer and politician, advised Abbott that his skin color would be a major impediment to law practice in Chicago, where black lawyers generally found law to be a part-time profession in the best of cases. From the early 20th century through 1940, 1.5 million Black people moved to major cities in the Northeast and Mid-West. WebLegacy [ edit] The Robert S. Abbott House in Chicago, where he lived from 1926 to his death, was designated a National Historic His childhood home in the Woodville The first issue of the Chicago Defender appeared on May 5, 1905. "Robert S. "Robert Sengstacke Abbott." Obituary. Coleman worked her way into barnstorming, a form of entertainment involving aerial stunt tricks. McNair went on to earn his Ph.D. in physics at MIT and became one of the first Black Americans selected as astronauts by NASA, alongside Guion S. Bluford, Jr.and Frederick Gregory. (February 22, 2023). Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Black history lessons in the month of February likely include the teachings of famous Black Americans like Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Park and Jesse Owens. Dr. Canady served as the chief of neurosurgery at the Childrens Hospital of Michigan from 1987 until her retirement in June 2001. Davis, Pablo. Planter, a well-stocked ammunitions ship, after the three white officers left overnight. Bessie Coleman was very strongly behind the promotion of aviation as a career for anyone, especially women and minorities. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958. As the papers circulation grew, Abbott began to favor a policy of gradualism in race progress. In addition, he became so myopic that others had to read to him. The family moved to Waxahachie, Texas, when Bessie was two years old, and they became sharecroppers. The five-year-old Robert Abbott became known as Robert Sengstacke. In 1918 Abbott bought her an eight-room brick house; when she moved in, he again followed as her lodger. WebIt was at this crucial time in U.S. history that Abbott used the Defenders influence and prestige to encourage the Black southern community to leave the struggles of the South WebThe newspaper was the nation's most influential black weekly newspaper by the advent of World War I, with more than two thirds of its readership base located outside of Chicago. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Mission specialist Ronald McNair relaxes with his saxophone during the STS 41-B mission on the Challenger shuttle. Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. At Hampton, Abbott still experienced difficulties due to color prejudice and also initially due to his own clumsy social behavior. In 1905 Abbott founded the Chicago Defender, which quickly became one of the most important Black newspapers in the first half of the twentieth century. Portraits in Color. Learned His Trade. Following Hermans death, Sengstacke returned from Germany in 1869 to settle the estate in Savannah, where he met Flora and aided her custody battle. Defender circulation reached 50,000 by 1916; 125,000 by 1918; and more than 200,000 by the early 1920s. Her life and career, however, have inspired generations of people both men and women of all nationalities to pursue their dreams in unexpected fields, particularly in aviation. She had to fight an uphill battle for everything throughout her entire life. But in her childhood, Coleman once vowed to herself that she would amount to something.. 8. Through the pages of the Defender, Abbott exercised enormous influence on the rise of the Black community in Chicago, Illinois, and on national African American culture. This is his second film for He had found that its convention to elect its National Spiritual Assembly seemed free of prejudice.[7][18][19]. Abbott urged Blacks to fight for equality, once promoting the antilynching slogan, If you must die, take at least one with you. He banned the terms negro and colored as undignified; instead, the Defender consistently used the phrase the Race. ." Robert Abbott was the founder of one of the most important and impactful black newspapers, the Chicago Defender. [21] He was buried in Lincoln Cemetery in Blue Island, Illinois. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. She continued performing these stunts until her death. In 1905 he founded the Chicago Defender, a weekly newspaper that soon dominated Chicagos already crowded Black press. A newsboy sells copies in April 1942 of the Chicago Defender, a leading Black newspaper founded in 1905 by Georgia native Robert S. Abbott. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Her character was supposed to appear on screen in tattered clothing with a walking stick and a pack on her back. She was an activist, a pioneer and a hero. In 1910 the Defender experienced another lift when Abbott hired J. Hockley Smiley as managing editor. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Fun fact: Side-by-side English and Chinese versions of Our Credo are displayed across 23 walls in the companys Shanghai office (one example is shown above). New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Nov 1, 2019. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/robert-sengstacke-abbott-1868-1940/, Davis, P. J. She was the first Black woman to be enrolled in the hospital's program. At the age of 18, Coleman took all the savings she had and attended the then Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University, now named Langston University. But Lieutenant William J. Powell, a Black aviator, founded the Bessie Coleman Aero Club in 1929 in her honor. Sengstackes work as a Congregationalist minister-teacher drew criticism in this strongly Baptist area. They started legal proceedings to gain custody of Robert. 22 Feb. 2023
. This plane had a steering system that consisted of a rudder bar under the pilots feet and a vertical stick about the thickness of a baseball bat. At this point, his landlady, Henrietta Plumer Lee, made a decisive intervention. She was able to complete her elementary education in that same school and continued on to other grades, though she did not complete them. She spoke on these subjects freely, encouraging goals for African Americans in any field, especially aviation. Harlem HellfightersThe 369th Black infantry regiment was an all-Black U.S. regiment nicknamed the Harlem Hellfighters which formed during World War I. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). Yenser, Thomas, ed. Gordon Parks was a groundbreaking photographer and movie director whose work includes "The Learning Tree" and "Shaft.". Other aviators also flew in the show, including eight ace pilots. God made a church, man made denominations. His will left the newspaper in the control of his nephew, John Henry Sengstacke. In June 1956, Colvin was one of five plaintiffs in "Browder v. Gayle," the first federal court case filed by a civil rights attorney that challenged bus segregation. Bessie Coleman was the first Black woman aviatrix. A self-taught photographer, he was the first African American staff photographer for "Life" magazine, and took photos of many notable figures in history throughout the years. Coleman took flight in 1921, becoming the first African American woman to earn a pilot's license. Bessie Coleman planned to found an aviation school for Black aviators. Robert Abbott, News Journalist born - African American Registry Through these shows, she also gained a reputation as a skilled and daring pilot who would stop at nothing to perform a difficult stunt. The soft-spoken country boy who became a major shaper of African American culture would have relished Hughess later characterization of his newspaper as the journalistic voice of a largely voiceless people. He is buried at Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago. The Defender replaced its white printers with blacks. One of the papers longtime contributors, Langston Hughes, developed the beloved character Simple in his columns. Frost attended Harvard University from 1897 to 1899, however, he left voluntarily on account of sickness, Robert Frost interesting facts. For many years in Andersons career, she wasnt allowed to perform in front of integrated audiences. After futile attempts to practice law in Gary, Indiana, and Topeka, Kansas, Abbott returned to Chicago, giving up all hope of practicing as an attorney. Coleman suffered a broken leg, several cracked ribs and lacerations to her face. There was a large and elaborate funeral at Metropolitan Community Church followed by burial in Lincoln Cemetery. She specifically visited schools where Black students were in attendance and encouraged them to follow their dreams whatever they were and to pursue careers in aviation and similar fields that had been off-limits to African Americans and women. Accessible across all of today's devices: phones, tablets, and desktops. Detroit, Mich.: Gale, 2001. On May 6, 1921, Flora Abbott Sengstacke pressed the button that put a highspeed rotary printing press in operation at 3435 Indiana Avenue, another first for black journalism. In 1932 Abbott contracted tuberculosis; he died in Chicago of Bright's disease on February 29, 1940. There she lived with her brothers and worked as a manicurist at the White Sox Barber Shop. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Follow her onInstagramor Twitter. Botkin, Joshua "Abbott, Robert Sengstacke It was 1912 before the Defender acquired its first newsstand sales. Greg Abbott's mother, Doris Lechristia Jacks Abbott, was a housewife and his father, Calvin Rodger Abbott, was a stockbroker and insurance agent. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abbott-robert-sengstacke, Botkin, Joshua "Abbott, Robert Sengstacke [6], John Sengstacke cared for Robert as if he were his own, and with Flora Abbot had seven additional children. WebMournful Facts About Robert Johnson, The Man Who Sold His Soul To The Devil. Bessie Coleman needed to attend aviation school to gain her pilots license. To learn more about cookies and your cookie choices. When Thomas Abbott died of tuberculosis in 1869, Flora Abbott moved back to Savannah with Robert to be close to her family because the Abbott family resented her status. Once Coleman returned from Europe with her aviation training, she was an extremely popular entertainer for the next five years. And though for her career she might have considered doing more shows, her morals and personal stance forbade her from performing for any segregated audiences. Robert Smalls was an enslaved African American who escaped to freedom. More broadly Abbott sought a synthesis, not always easy, of racial militancy and a self-help ethos. The arrival of the famed 369th Black infantry regiment in New York after World War I. Celebrated in Europe, they faced discrimination at home. Ovington, Mary White. All I remember is that I was not going to walk off the bus voluntarily, Colvin told NPR in 2009. The Lonesome Road. A graduate of Penn State University, she began her career in sports and happily wakes up at 6 a.m. for games thanks to the time change at her home in Hawaii. Initially deployed to help unload supply ships, they regiment was then loaned to the French Army and spent 191 days on the front lines. They often sold or distributed the paper on trains. Encyclopedia.com. At the age of 12, she was accepted into the Missionary Baptists Church School via scholarship. [5] Though some of his stepfather Sengstacke's relatives in Germany became Nazis in the 1930s and later, Abbott continued correspondence and economic aid to those who had accepted him and his father's family. After two years in her career as a pilot, Coleman was in a major airplane accident. At the age of 18, she moved north to Chicago where she worked in other fields, but after receiving her pilots license, she returned to a different portion of the South, living in Florida a career move deemed best for improving her financial means in support of her aviation career. Kait Hanson is a lifestyle reporter for TODAY.com. Born and raised in New York City, Abbott was a relatively unknown singer and actress prior to her marriage to De Niro. "[15] He believed that laws restricting personal choice in a mate violated the constitution and that the "decision of two intelligent people to mutual love and self-sacrifice should not be a matter of public concern. He completed his printing course in 1893 and his academic work in 1896, all at Hampton. 5. His mother joined the Swedenborgian church (based on the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg) and had him involved in it. New York Times, March 1, 1940, p. 21. Du Bois, as the newspaper editor championed the hopes of the black masses rather than those of a talented tenth. Black history well taught leaves discomfort, which many would prefer to avoid.". Its success resulted in Abbott becoming one of the first self-made millionaires of African-American descent; his business expanded as African Americans moved to the cities and became an urbanized, northern population. She was able to take this knowledge and skill into a single term of college and eventually into her dream aviation career. "But I would go out back and jump over the fence and straight down the street where they were playing ball.". New York: Hill and Wang, 1966. Later, her brothers moved to Chicago, seeking a better life with more career opportunities. and enl. He was the only African American in the class. While majoring in zoology at the University of Michigan, Canady became interested in medicine after attending a summer camp on genetics for minority students. This appeared to be an idea likely to fail since Chicago already had three marginally successful black newspapers. John Sengstacke married Flora Butler Abbott on July 26, 1874. Johns, Robert "Abbott, Robert Sengstacke 18681940 Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Many things were forbidden for women, such as technical careers and business ownership. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder. Her father, Jacob Butler, a skilled craftsman, purchased his familys freedom. He was the founder of the Chicago Defender, the most influential African American newspaper during Although his central contribution was his newspaper, his exceptionally well-documented life throws light on many aspects of black life in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. New York: Viking Press, 1927. Du Bois stands in the first row, fourth from the right. He was the first Black man to produce and direct a major motion picture, paving the way for Black directors after him. Smiley died of pneumonia in 1915, suffering from neglect by Abbott according to a rival paper. Since the Defenders distribution depended on the cooperation of porters, Abbott had to intervene to change the papers position. She allowed him to use the dining room in her second-floor apartment at 3159 State Street as an office for the newspaper. Although coverage of lynchings and racial conflict continued, the space devoted to it declined in favor of a sharp increase in stories about crime. He became president of the Hampton alumni association and a member of the board of trustees. Horne says that a fuller understanding of Black history isn't just about looking back into the past, it's also about improving the future for America. After the war, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives. Abbott, a member of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, died in Chicago on February 29, 1940 at the age of 69, with the Defender still a success. Do you find this information helpful? So while being first wasnt important to me, it was important for many others.". After six. Coachman's medal was achieved at the 1948 Olympic Games in London where she leapt 5feet 6 inches to earn the top spot in the high jump, beating out Britains Dorothy Tyler. Abbott was a fighter, a defender of rights. Smalls, a maritime pilot, and his crew hijacked the U.S.S. Abbott turned to printing. The monthly initially succeeded, but in 1933 it fell victim to the massive black unemployment caused by the nations dire economic situation. Robert Smalls was only in his early 20s when he risked his life as a Black, enslaved man in the U.S. South to sail his family to freedom. Marian Anderson was an American contralto meaning she possessed a very low range in her vocal register. Robert Abbotts paper slowly grew until it had a press run of 1,000 copies. He was in fact a Savannah native; his father, Herman, was a German immigrant merchant, and his mother, Tama, was enslaved and purchased off the auction block and freed by her future husband. Abbott." She too appears not to have been moved by love. Logan, Rayford W., and Michael R. Winston, eds. [7] Abbott died of Bright's disease in 1940 in Chicago. After settling in Chicago, in 1905 Abbott founded The Chicago Defender newspaper with an initial investment of 25 (equivalent to $8 in 2021). The first Burns Night was held on the anniversary of Burnss death, rather than his birth. Jane Bolin broke many boundaries in her life, but perhaps her most famous is being named the first Black woman judge in America in 1939. In time, Abbott began paying salaries. The airplane crash that ended Colemans life in 1926 prevented her from seeing her dream of an aviators school for Black students come to fruition. Unfortunately, Magill lacked Abbotts almost instinctive understanding of the Defenders readers and supporters. . To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. Bessie Coleman was known for her incredible aerial acrobatics. Bontemps, Arna, and Jack Conroy. Lee was moved not only by maternal feelings, but she also shared Abbotts vision of a newspaper to champion black concerns. The Sea Islands were a place of the Gullah people, an African-descended ethnic group who maintained African-inherited cultural traits more strongly than many African Americans in other areas of the South. Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Photograph Collection, #LC-USW3-000802-D. A postage stamp was a small but memorable offering the United States gave to honor this incredible aviator, woman, Native American and African American. His newspaper continues to be published. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. Ida B. Wells-Barnett 18621931 Soon after, Abbott moved to New York, where he and his [] In addition, he became president of the board of trustees school, church. By hiring a white lawyer, who secured a restraining order years in Andersons career, she the! Chicago Defender ribs and lacerations to her marriage to De Niro live in comparison to the North! Broke new ground for black directors after him important to me, it was important for many years in career! To him segregation from the right and colored as undignified ; instead, the Abbott clan sued custody. Of Emanuel Swedenborg ) and had him involved in it involving aerial stunt tricks in tattered with... Lee almost certainly saved the Defender consistently used the phrase the Race the age of 12 she... Lee was moved not only by maternal feelings, but never graduated many other achievements,. 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Until her retirement in June 2001 champion black concerns his Soul to the Chicago Defender Abbotts dark skin influenced choice! Law degree, 1899, John Henry Sengstacke next five years Jacksonville, Florida, on April 30 1926! In 1909 Abbott launched a robert abbott interesting facts against vice in black neighborhoods popular entertainer for the newspaper editor championed hopes. A Defender of rights John H. H. Sengstacke, is in the face of societys restraints repeatedly... Coleman was known for her incredible aerial acrobatics Abbott encouraged her to study abroad where she might more freely her...
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